您现在的位置是：网站首页> 编程资料编程资料

MySQL中常见的八种SQL错误用法示例_Mysql_

2023-05-27 430人已围观

简介 MySQL中常见的八种SQL错误用法示例_Mysql_

前言

MySQL在2016年仍然保持强劲的数据库流行度增长趋势。越来越多的客户将自己的应用建立在MySQL数据库之上，甚至是从Oracle迁移到MySQL上来。但也存在部分客户在使用MySQL数据库的过程中遇到一些比如响应时间慢，CPU打满等情况。

阿里云RDS专家服务团队帮助云上客户解决过很多紧急问题。现将《ApsaraDB专家诊断报告》中出现的部分常见SQL问题总结如下，供大家参考。

1、LIMIT 语句

分页查询是最常用的场景之一，但也通常也是最容易出问题的地方。

比如对于下面简单的语句，一般 DBA 想到的办法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加组合索引。这样条件排序都能有效的利用到索引，性能迅速提升。

 SELECT * FROM operation WHERE type = 'SQLStats' AND name = 'SlowLog' ORDER BY create_time LIMIT 1000, 10;

好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解决该问题就到此为止。

但当 LIMIT 子句变成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 时，程序员仍然会抱怨：我只取10条记录为什么还是慢？

要知道数据库也并不知道第1000000条记录从什么地方开始，即使有索引也需要从头计算一次。出现这种性能问题，多数情形下是程序员偷懒了。

在前端数据浏览翻页，或者大数据分批导出等场景下，是可以将上一页的最大值当成参数作为查询条件的。SQL 重新设计如下：

 SELECT * FROM operation WHERE type = 'SQLStats' AND name = 'SlowLog' AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新设计下查询时间基本固定，不会随着数据量的增长而发生变化。

2、隐式转换

SQL语句中查询变量和字段定义类型不匹配是另一个常见的错误。比如下面的语句：

 mysql> explain extended SELECT * > FROM my_balance b > WHERE b.bpn = 14000000123 > AND b.isverified IS NULL ; mysql> show warnings; | Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定义为 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是将字符串转换为数字之后再比较。函数作用于表字段，索引失效。

上述情况可能是应用程序框架自动填入的参数，而不是程序员的原意。现在应用框架很多很繁杂，使用方便的同时也小心它可能给自己挖坑。

3、关联更新、删除

虽然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特别注意它目前仅仅针对查询语句的优化。对于更新或删除需要手工重写成 JOIN。

比如下面 UPDATE 语句，MySQL 实际执行的是循环/嵌套子查询（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其执行时间可想而知。

 UPDATE operation o SET status = 'applying' WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id FROM (SELECT o.id, o.status FROM operation o WHERE o.group = 123 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) ORDER BY o.parent, o.id LIMIT 1) t);

执行计划：

 +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | o | index | | PRIMARY | 8 | | 24 | Using where; Using temporary | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables | | 3 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort | +----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

重写为 JOIN 之后，子查询的选择模式从 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 变成 DERIVED，执行速度大大加快，从7秒降低到2毫秒。

 UPDATE operation o JOIN (SELECT o.id, o.status FROM operation o WHERE o.group = 123 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) ORDER BY o.parent, o.id LIMIT 1) t ON o.id = t.id SET status = 'applying'

执行计划简化为

 +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables | | 2 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

4、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引进行混合排序。但在某些场景，还是有机会使用特殊方法提升性能的。

 SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC, a.appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20

执行计划显示为全表扫描：

 +----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra +----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+ | 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | idx_orderid | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1967647 | Using filesort | | 1 | SIMPLE | o | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 122 | a.orderid | 1 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+

由于 is_reply 只有0和1两种状态，我们按照下面的方法重写后，执行时间从1.58秒降低到2毫秒。

 SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id AND is_reply = 0 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM my_order o INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id AND is_reply = 1 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC LIMIT 0, 20)) t ORDER BY is_reply ASC, appraisetime DESC LIMIT 20;

5、EXISTS语句

MySQL 对待 EXISTS 子句时，仍然采用嵌套子查询的执行方式。如下面的 SQL 语句：

 SELECT * FROM my_neighbor n LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE n.topic_status < 4 AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM message_info m WHERE n.id = m.neighbor_id AND m.inuser = 'xxx') AND n.topic_type <> 5

执行计划为：

 +----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+ | 1 | PRIMARY | n | ALL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1086041 | Using where | | 1 | PRIMARY | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where | +----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+

去掉 exists 更改为 join，能够避免嵌套子查询，将执行时间从1.93秒降低为1毫秒。

 SELECT * FROM my_neighbor n INNER JOIN message_info m ON n.id = m.neighbor_id AND m.inuser = 'xxx' LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' WHERE n.topic_status < 4 AND n.topic_type <> 5

新的执行计划：

 +----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+ | 1 | SIMPLE | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition | | 1 | SIMPLE | n | eq_ref | | PRIMARY | 122 | ighbor_id | 1 | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+

6、条件下推

外部查询条件不能够下推到复杂的视图或子查询的情况有：

聚合子查询；
含有 LIMIT 的子查询；
UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查询；
输出字段中的子查询；

如下面的语句，从执行计划可以看出其条件作用于聚合子查询之后：

 SELECT * FROM (SELECT target, Count(*) FROM operation GROUP BY target) t WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx'

 +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY |  | ref |  |  | 514 | const | 2 | Using where | | 2 | DERIVED | operation | index | idx_4 | idx_4 | 519 | NULL | 20 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

确定从语义上查询条件可以直接下推后，重写如下：

 SELECT target, Count(*) FROM operation WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx' GROUP BY target

执行计划变为：

 +----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+ | id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+

关于 MySQL 外部条件不能下推的详细解释说明请参考文章：http://mysql.taobao.org/monthly/2016/07/08

7、提前缩小范围

先上初始 SQL 语句：

SELECT * FROM my_order o LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u ON o.uid = u.uid LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p ON o.pid = p.pid WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) ORDER BY o.selltime DESC LIMIT 0,

上一篇：Mysql导入导出时遇到的问题解决_Mysql_

下一篇：MySQL慢SQL语句常见诱因以及解决方法_Mysql_

您现在的位置是：网站首页> 编程资料编程资料

MySQL中常见的八种SQL错误用法示例_Mysql_

相关内容

点击排行

本栏推荐

猜你喜欢